The Effect of Genetic, Biochemical and Environmental Factors on Milk Yield and Composition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15700957Keywords:
Feeding, lactation, milking, milk composition, milk yieldAbstract
Milk is a complex biological fluid shaped by many genetic and environmental factors in terms of its biochemical content and production amount. This review aims to address the scientific basis of factors such as animal breed, lactation period, age, health status, environmental temperature, milking time and method, feeding strategies, psychological state of the animal and care practices which are determinants of milk composition and yield. Although genetic structure is the main determinant of milk production, feeding regime, environmental stress factors and management practices also have important effects on milk quantity and composition. While a decrease in milk yield is observed in the later stages of lactation, significant changes occur in macro and micronutrient components. Especially malnutrition, pathological conditions and environmental stress factors can negatively affect the biochemical composition of milk. The frequency and method of milking are determinant on milk secretion mechanisms and optimal milking practices play a critical role in increasing productivity. In addition, animal welfare and care conditions have a direct impact on milk production processes, and the development of optimal management strategies is essential for sustainable milk production.
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